[News-Heads]

[ANCHOR=Jean]

[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=tbr]
[TAPE#=News-Heads]
[GRAPHIC=None]

Accidents claim three lives near Smith Mountain Lake today, and another near Lynchburg overnight.
(------------------)
[VO-NAT]


And before Iraq's refineries can get back on line, looters are taking gasoline for themselves.
(---------------)




[Weather-Head]
[ANCHOR=Robin]
[SS=None]


Sunshine and temperatures well above average for tomorrow. If you are looking for showers, expect those by Thursday evening.

[Medical-Head]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=tbr]
[TAPE#med heads]
[GRAPHIC=NONE]

Backseat riders never had it so good. We'll show you new ways to keep the kids happy on long road trips.
(----------------)
[VO-NAT]

And in just a matter of weeks, you'll be able to see how your favorite restaurant fares when health inspectors take a look.
(----------------)
[ANCHOR=Jean]

Plus, efforts build in Washington to stop all that spam. News 7 at 5 is next.
[Open]
[SUPER=#4063; Headline Banner]
[SUPER=@Jean1;]
[SUPER=@Brent1;]
[SUPER=@robin1;]
[SUPER=@Mike1;]


[Video-Open]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=]
[TAPE#video open]
[GRAPHIC=NONE]
(----------------)
[VO-NAT]

Two accidents take four lives in our region. And another crash sends about a dozen students to hospital.
(----------------)








[5-Cycle-Fatal]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5pm]
[WRITER=ssm]
[TAPE#=502-12 1:21:42]
[GRAPHIC=News 7 at 5]


We'll begin in Campbell County, where a doctor is dead after he lost control of his motorcycle on Route 460.
(------------)
[VO-NAT]
[SUPER=03-Campbell Co.]


52-year-old Dennis Burns was headed west around 11:30 last night, when he crashed near the Leesville Road exit.
State police say V-DOT crews had been doing road repairs in the area and part of the pavement was still uneven.
Burns was wearing a helmet, but police say he died at the scene.
Dr. Burns owned two Family Care centers in Madison Heights and on Timberlake Road and was also the on-call medical examiner in the central Virginia area.
(------------)


[5-Bedford-Fatals]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=ejo]
[TAPE#=503-06 19:09]
[GRAPHIC=None]


Three people from Huddleston were killed in a head-on collision this afternoon.
(+++++++)

[TAKE MAP FS] The accident was not far from the entrance to Smith Mountain Lake State Park in Bedford County.
(------------)
[SUPER=03-Bedford Co.]

Two vehicles were approaching each other on Route 626, what is now known as Smith Mountain Lake Parkway. One crossed the center line and struck the other head on. All three people were dead at the scene... two in the Southbound Chevy Blazer, and one in the north-bound Ford Pick up. State police identified two of the victims as 64-year old Lynwood Cleveland Watkins and 45-year old Kelli Ann Dellis. A third person in the S-U-V has been identified, but police are having difficulty finding family members to notify.
(------------)





[5-Bus-Accident]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=Five]
[WRITER=jda]
[TAPE#=03-12 25:22]
[GRAPHIC=None]


A bus accident this morning in Franklin county sent a dozen students to the hospital with minor injuries.
(------------)
[VO-NAT]
[SUPER=03-Rocky Mount]


The bus was carrying about sixty students to Benjamin Franklin Middle School and Franklin County High School when it hit the back of a pick-up on Route 40.
Ten students were taken to the hospital from the accident scene, and two others complained of injuries after they reached school. School officials say they do not believe any of the students were seriously injured.
(------------)

[(toss to R)]
(toss to Robin)

[Robin-Tease] [04/15/2003]
[SS=NONE]ROBIN IN WX-CENTER


[WXPRO/FULL] WEATHER TODAY TOMORROW FORECAST IRAQ FORECAST

[SS=NONE]ROBIN TOSS BACK


[5-Iraq]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=jja]
[TAPE#=Net]
[GRAPHIC=After Saddam]


With Saddam Hussein out of power, what's next for Iraq?
The White House has no interest in ruling Iraq.
That is the message from a U-N envoy today to 80 delegates from various Iraqi factions.
They're meeting to talk about a post war government.
Teri Okita has more.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=It was a]
[SUPER=201-Kanan Makiya/Iraqi National Congress; :11]
[SUPER=203-Baghdad, Iraq; :29]
[SUPER=201-Donald Rumsfeld/Defense Secretary; 1:06]
[SUPER=201-Teri Okita/CBS News; 1:12]
[RUNS=1:26]
[OUT Q=standard outcue.]

(( IT WAS A SMALL STEP, TO BE CERTAIN ... BUT THE LONG PROCESS OF REBUILDING IRAQ'S GOVERNMENT BEGAN TODAY. KURDS, SUNNI AND SHIITE MUSLIMS WERE AMONG VARIOUS FACTIONS WHO MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE.
KANAN MAKIYA/IRAQI NATIONAL CONGRESS "THE TASKS THAT FACE US ARE ENORMOUS AND WE NEED TO MOVE MUCH, MUCH FASTER THAN THIS MEETING SUGGESTS."
IN NEARBY NASIRIYAH, THOUSANDS OF SHIITE MUSLIMS PROTESTED THE MEETING. THEY OPPOSE U-S PLANS TO GOVERN IRAQ ... EVEN FOR AN INTERIM PERIOD.
IN BAGHDAD, A DIFFERENT TYPE OF PROTEST... HUNDREDS demonstrated in front of a hotel packed with media. They appealed FOR ORDER.... SOME HELD ANTI-AMERICAN SIGNS ... AND MANY TAUNTED THE SAME MARINES WHO WERE CHEERED AS LIBERATORS JUST A FEW DAYS AGO. AND IN NORTHERN BAGHDAD, ANOTHER DISTURBING SCENE OF CHILDREN PLAYING WITH UNEXPLODED ARTILLERY SHELLS. COALITION FORCES ARE IN THE PROCESS OF CLEANING UP THE MUNITIONS, BUT THEY SAY IT WILL TAKE SOME TIME.
AND FROM CLEAN UP....TO SHUTDOWN. U-S FORCES HAVE CLOSED AN ILLEGAL OIL PIPELINE FROM IRAQ TO SYRIA. DONALD RUMSFELD/DEFENSE SECRETARY: "WHETHER ITS THE ONLY ONE AND WHETHER ITS COMPLETELY STOPPED THE FLOW OF OIL INTO SYRIA, I CANNOT TELL YOU."))


[5-Pipeline]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=jja]
[TAPE#=Net]
[GRAPHIC=After Saddam]


The pipeline shut down today reportedly handled more than a billion dollars worth of oil a year, in violation of U-N Sanctions against Iraq.
(------------)
[VO-NAT]
[SUPER=03-Baghdad, Iraq]


Speaking of breaking the rules- check out what looters in Baghdad were helping themselves to- petrol from military stockpiles.
Some pulled their vehicles up and filled up the tank.
Looters were not able to make it into the main fenced area of the refinery though. A handful of employees is credited with keeping looters at bay until U-S marines arrived.
U-S troops have now secured the main oil refinery in Baghdad now and plan to keep residents out.
(------------)

[Tease#1]



[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=ejo]
[TAPE#=Tease1]
[GRAPHIC=None]

How clean is your favorite restaurant? Just ahead, how to see for yourself by just logging on.
(--------------)
[VO-NAT]


And a discovery may be the big break in the Laci Peterson case, but it is still to early to know for sure.
(---------------)

[Comm 1]

[5-CA-Bodies]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=ejo]
[TAPE#=Net]
[GRAPHIC=None]


Medical examiners have been unable - so far - to identify two bodies found in northern California, an adult and a newborn baby. They are looking very closely to see if there is any connection to the Laci Peterson case. She's the pregnant woman missing more than three months.
Manuel Gallegus has the latest.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=It may be]
[SUPER=03-San Francisco Bay, CA; :00]
[SUPER=01-Jimmy Lee/Contra Costa Sheriff's Dept.; :17]
[SUPER=@Gallegus1; 1:18]
[RUNS=1:27]
[OUT Q=STD]

((IT MAY BE THE BREAK INVESTIGATORS IN THE LACI PETERSON CASE ARE LOOKING FOR, BUT IT'S TOO SOON TO KNOW. ON SUNDAY AND MONDAY TWO BODIES WERE FOUND WASHED UP FROM THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY.
BOTH BADLY DECOMPOSED, ONE WAS A FEMALE, THE OTHER, THE FULL TERM BABY BOY...

-SOT- JIMMY LEE/SPOKESPERSON CONTRA COSTA SHERRIF'S OFFICE

KEY QUESTION IS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADULT FEMALE, BABY MALE FOUND SUNDAY
THE BODIES WERE DISCOVERED BY PASSERSBY ABOUT A MILE APART...AND A FEW MILES NORTH OF THE BERKELEY MARINA. THE MARINA IS WHERE SCOTT PETERSON, LACI'S HUSBAND TOLD POLICE HE WENT FISHING THE DAY HIS WIFE DISPAPPEARED.
INVESTIGATORS HAVE BEEN KEEPING AN EYE ON PETERSON, AND IN THE PAST HAVE DESCRIBED HIM AS LESS THAN COOPERATIVE...BUT HE HAS NOT BEEN NAMED A SUSPECT.
PETERSON IS SAID TO BE WITH HIS FAMILY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND AWARE OF THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS.
LACI DISAPPEARED CHRISTMAS EVE...WHEN SHE WAS EIGHT MONTHS PREGNANT. AFTER EXTENSIVE SEARCHES... LAST MONTH HER CASE WAS RECLASSIFIED AS A HOMICIDE PRESUMING SHE HAD BEEN KILLED.
THE WATER AREA AROUND WHERE THE BODIES WERE FOUND HAD BEEN SEARCHED BEFORE...

-SOT- JIMMY LEE/SPOKESPERSON CONTRA COSTA SHERRIF'S OFFICE

NO OBVIOUS CAUSE OF DEATH REQUIRE US TO TAKE IT TO NEXT STEP, MORE TESTING AND ANALYSIS
STAND-UP- THE CORONER SAID HE IS UNAWARE OF ANY OTHER MISSING PREGNANT WOMEN FROM HIS AREA...))


[5-Restaurant-Inspections]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5pm]
[WRITER=jsu]
[TAPE#=503-02 06:58]
[GRAPHIC=Healthcheck]

In health check tonight,
You'll soon be able to go-online and find out if your favorite restaurant is as sanitary as you thought.
Starting May 1st, the health department will post all the information you need to know to make a healthy dining decision.
[ANCHOR=JEAN 2 shot]


Health Check Reporter Joy Sutton joins us with details.
[ANCHOR=Joy 2 shot]


Jean,
You'll be able to view the results of a restaurants latest health inspection.
[ANCHOR=JOY FULL]
[SUPER=@JOY1;]
[GRAPHIC=None]


In fact, Information will be availabe on any food establishment in the state, including school cafeterias, day cares, even food-service convenience stores.
(/////SOT/////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=When many of us eat out]
[SUPER=03-Roanoke; :00]
[SUPER=01-Karen Saul/Environmental Health Supervisor; :14]
[SUPER=01-E.C. Warren/Roanoker Owner; :44]
[RUNS=1:15]
[OUT Q=little things]

((
When many of us eat out --we have no clue what goes on in the restaurant's kitchen. But the health department hopes by putting the restaurant's inspection report on-line, you'll at least have a better idea.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT 4:51]
[IN Q=You can find food being out of temperature]

((YOU CAN FIND FOOD BEING OUT OF TEMPERATURE, PEOPLE NOT WASHING THEIR HANDS, A WHOLE LOT OF DIFFERENT THINGS YOU CAN FIND JUST BY READING THESE INSPECTIONS)) [RUNS12]
[OUT Q=reading these inspections]


The report will include: the type of inspection whether it was routine or a follow-up visit for a previous violation, the number of violations, and a description of the violation along with the restaurant's inspection history.
Restaurant owner E.C Warren says he just hopes customers look at each violation carefully.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT17:46]
[IN Q=You have to look and see what]

((YOU HAVE TO LOOK AND SEE WHAT THE VIOLATION IS. IF THE VIOLATION IS CANNED GOODS SITTING ON THE FLOOR THAT WOULD NOT BE AS DETRIMENTAL OF A VIOLATION AS TEMPERATURE VIOLATION, WHICH COULD CAUSE AN ILLNESS)) [RUNS17]
[OUT Q=whcich could cause an illness]


Health officials say you will be able to determine that because a violation will be marked critical.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT2:20]
[IN Q=Critical are ones that could]

((CRITICAL ONES ARE ON THE COULD LEAD TO FOOD BORNE OUTBREAKS THOSE ARE THE ONE YOU REALLY NEED TO BE CONCERNED ABOUT, NON CRITICAL ONES ARE MORE ON THE CLEANLINESS OF ITEMS, MAINTENANCE OF ITEMS, LITTLE THINGS)) [RUNS08]
[OUT Q=little things]))
[ANCHOR=Joy Full]


The Health Department says it will take time to get every restaurant into the database.
But officials note that it's fairly common for a restaurant particularly a larger one that stays open long hours to have some type of health violation at some point in its history.
[ANCHOR=Jean/Joy 2 shot]


Jean, The web page is not yet open to the public but when it is, we'll set up a link on our own home page.

[Tease#2]



[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=ejo]
[TAPE#=Tease2]
[GRAPHIC=None]


Stocks tried to hold on to morning gains. We'll tell you how they finished in our Marketwatch report.
(--------------)
[VO-NAT]


And new hope for the age-old question: "Are we there yet". We'll show you how those long back seat trips are becoming much more entertaining.
(---------------)

[Comm 2]

[5-Backseats]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=ejo]
[TAPE#=Net]
[GRAPHIC=None]

Maybe those long summer trips with the kids won't be quite so bad in the future. Back seats are going plush with movie screens and video games. And as Christy Ferer reports, a level of democracy in the family car means no more begging the driver for louder tunes.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=If it feels]
[SUPER=01-Don Chaiken/Popular Mechanics Editor; :23]
[SUPER=01-Christy Ferer/Reporting; 1:37]
[RUNS=1:46]
[OUT Q=Christy Ferer reporting.]

(( IF IT FEELS LIKE YOU'RE DOING MORE DRIVING THAN YOUR PARENTS DID WHEN YOU WERE A KID YOU ARE! AMERICANS ARE SPENDING 11-PERCENT MORE TIME BEHIND THE WHEEL THAN IN 1995, ACCORDING TO THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION POLICY. AND, PARENTS ARE DRIVING 20-PERCENT MORE THAN THE AVERAGE DRIVER TO SHUTTLE THEIR KIDS AROUND. SO HOW DO YOU KEEP THE KIDS QUIET IN THE BACKSEAT?

SOT Chaiken: The carmakers and the after market makers are now supplying a wide variety of in-vehicle entertainment sys

tems. You can get Nintendo games you can get DVD players or if you're Stone Age, you could still get a VCR in the car."
IT USED TO BE IF YOU WANTED TO SWITCH THE RADIO STATION OR NEEDED MORE A-C YOU WERE AT THE MERCY OF THOSE IN THE FRONT SEAT. NO MORENOW INDIVIDUAL CLIMATE CONTROLS COME STANDARD IN THE BACKSEAT OF MANY FAMILY VEHICLES, AS WELL AS REAR OPERATED RADIO CONTROLS AND WINDOW SHADES THAT KIDS CAN OPERATE ALL BY THEMSELVES.

SOT Chaiken: "Keeping the kids happy in the car keeps everyone happy. Anyone who has traveled with kids knows that if

the kids are not happy in the back seat it's not fun for anybody."
SOME CARS NOW COME WITH BUILT-IN D-V-D PLAYERS AND A HOOKUP FOR AN X BOX OR PLAY STATION ..LIKE IN THE INFINITI FX45. WIRELESS HEADPHONES AND A REMOTE CONTROL MAKE IT EASY FOR LITTLE HANDS TO HANDLE. AND FOR THE CARS THAT DON'T HAVE D-V-D'S, A PORTABLE PLAYER IS EASILY INSTALLED.

SOT Chaiken: "The difference between buying one vehicle over another vehicle quite often is the availability of an ente

rtainment system"

SOT MOS: "Daddy, are we there yet?"


SO IF YOU WANT TO LEAVE THOSE WORDS BY THE ROADSIDESOME ENTERTAINING DEVIATIONS ARE WELL WORTH THE INVESTMENT.

SOT MOS: "This is fun!"


In New YorkI'm Christy Ferer reporting.))
[Stats] [04/15/2003] [CK/ESS]FIVE BACKGROUND
[CK/CHYRON/VIEWERNET]
[SUPER=#576]VIEWERNET LOCATION


[CK/WXPRO]WEATHER MAPS WEATHER FORECASTS EXTENDED FORECAST
[SIT DOWN FOR 2 SHOT TOSS]

[Tease#3]



[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=tbr]
[TAPE#=Tease3]
[GRAPHIC=None]


Ferrum's baseball team gets high rankings as it nears tournament time. Mike Stevens has the details just ahead in sports.
(--------------)
[VO-NAT]


And is there any way to ban all that spam? Efforts are underway in Washington to kiss it goodbye.
(--------------)

[Comm 3]

[5Marketwatch]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5pm]
[WRITER=tbr]
[TAPE#=net]
[GRAPHIC=Marketwatch]

Stocks gained for the second day in a row this week, but it wasn't quite as easy this time. Alexis Christoforous is here with our Marketwatch report.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=]
[SUPER=01-Alexis Christoforous/CBS Marketwatch;]
[RUNS=1:13]
[OUT Q=News 7 at 5.]



[STOCK ROLL]
[SPORTS TOSS]
[5-Stocks]
[NEWSCAST=5]

[STOCK RULL & MUSIC]

[SUPER=x5000;]



[SUPER=281-i/0.63/39.51/h/0.81/50.16/h/1.28/57.02/h/0.15/10.86/h/0.19/32.53;]
[SUPER=282- /Unchg/0.03/h/1.44/19.65/h/0.16/5.96//Unchg/3.76/h/0.09/10.93;]
[SUPER=283-h/0.15/58.00/i/1.89/55.89/h/0.01/2.70/h/0.13/18.32/i/0.05/39.95;]
[SUPER=284-h/0.60/20.27/i/0.39/40.58/h/0.16/32.28/h/0.28/19.83/h/0.02/4.37;]



[SUPER=#555; Reset]




[S5-Ferrum]


[ANCHOR=mike]
[NEWSCAST=5pm]
[WRITER=sma]
[TAPE#=SP-147]
[GRAPHIC=BAM]

Good afternoon everybody. On a day like this we are outside for the entire ticker on the diamond.
The Ferrum baseball team is ranked fourth in the country, the Panthers' highest rating since hitting the number two spot in 2000. But Steve Mason says despite a 25 and 3 regular season, these Cats have a rather irregular attitude.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=]
[SUPER=03-Ferrum; :00]
[SUPER=01-Neil Zimmerman/Second Team Dixie Conference Third Base; :14]
[SUPER=01-Abe Naff/2003 Dixie Conference Coach of The Year; :44]
[SUPER=01-Travis Nowlin/Ferrum Senior Shortstop; :55]
[SUPER=01-Mickey Russell/First Team Dixie Conference Second Base; 1:13]
[SUPER=@Steve1; 1:26]
[RUNS=1:36]
[OUT Q=...news 7 sports"]
(-------------)


((The regular season Dixie Conference champs are the number one team in the South Region but all of the recognition means very little for a team of seven seniors with a huge tournament chip on their shoulders. ((:)) ((:)) The Panthers have yet to win the nine year old Dixie conference eight team baseball tournament. Ferrum has finished 31 and 6 and won the conference regular season championship two of the last three years only to exit the tournament and be denied an NCAA bid. Setbacks then that are big motivators now ((:)) ((:))
Ferrum is bating .339 as a team and the pitching staffs ERA is a solid 3.3 entering a tournament where mistake free baseball is key.)) ((:)) ((STEVE MASON:))


[S5-Cubs]


[ANCHOR=Mike]
[NEWSCAST=5pm]
[WRITER=mst]
[TAPE#=SP-149 4001TC]
[GRAPHIC=BAM]


One game is already well underway today in the big leagues. The Cubs are playing host to the injury-plagued Reds.
(------------)
[VO-NAT]
[SUPER=03-Chicago, IL/Fox-Net; :00]

The wind at Wrigley Field was gusting up to 35 miles an hour this afternoon, but it was 85 degrees in Chicago. Sammy Sosa was almost just as hot as he hits what looks like a fly ball to center. But that stiff breeze gets a hold of the ball and lifts it right over the ivy. It's one to nothing Cubs in the fourth inning. That was just the start of a nasty offensive effort by the Cubs.
[super=35-Cincinnati/1/Chicago/11;]

They score 11 times on the Reds. Chicago beats Cincinnati 11 to 1.
(------------)
[TALENT=MIKE]
[GRAPHIC=NONE]

Coming up at the top of the hour, Steve Mason will have the story of Al Groh's visit to the star city for a football clinic for area high school coaches. Plus, some high school basketball coaches are on the move. Take care folks - have a safe evening. Jean is coming right back with the rest of News 7 at Five.

[GO TO BREAK][5-Spam]


[ANCHOR=Jean]
[NEWSCAST=5]
[WRITER=ejo]
[TAPE#=Net]
[GRAPHIC=None]


The number of spam messages sent over the Internet this year is expected to exceed one trillion. But the clock may be ticking for spammers. Regina Lewis reports on some legal & legislative action that may take the biggest slice yet out of spam.
(///// SOT /////)
[SOT]
[IN Q=Spam, or junk e-mail]
[SUPER=01-Randall Boe/AOL General Counsel; :21]
[SUPER=01-Regina Lewis/Reporting; :29]
[SUPER=01-Sen. Conrad Burns/(R) Montana; :41]
[RUNS=:59]
[OUT Q=I'm Regina Lewis reporting.]

((SPAM OR JUNK E-MAIL COSTS CONSUMERS AND BUSINESSES AN ESTIMATED TEN BILLION DOLLARS A YEAR. IT'S AN UNAPPETIZING SIDE DISH FOR ONLINE USERS. THE ONLY WAY TO FIGHT BACK, THE DELETE KEY. UNTIL NOW. IN FIVE SEPARATE LAWSUITS, AOL IS GOING AFTER SOME OF THE WORST OFFENDERS

sot: boe: the message to spammers is simple. What you are doing is illegal, stop it and if you don't, we'll come after

you.

sot lewis: spammers could face hefty fines and bankruptcy. but here on capitol hill if lawmakers have their way, the pu

nishment won't end there. Under legislation just introduced the most serious spammers could end up behind bars.

sot Senator Conrad Burns: we just think that this has to be done. we're clogging up the system with all this unwanted j

unk.
IN THE MEANTIME YOU CAN DO YOUR PART BY REPORTING SPAM TO YOUR ISP OR THE FTC. THAT INFORMATION IS USED TO BUILD CASES LIKE THIS AGAINST SPAMMERS--A BIG HELP IN THE FIGHT TO CLEAN UP THE INTERNET IN WASHINGTON, I'M REGINA LEWIS REPORTING. ))
(------------)
[ANCHOR=Jean]
[GRAPHIC=]

Later this month, the Federal Trade Commission will hold a three day public spam "forum" to further explore the impact junk e-mail has on the Internet. [Close-ID] [5pm] SUPER=x4035; fax/copyright [SUPER=x4034;email/copyright]
by SS