06:00-01

ANCHOR=Melanie

(----------------)
VO-NAT


The death toll is still rising in Florida in the wake of a string of tornadoes that ripped through the central part of the state yesterday morning.
(----------------)
ANCHOR=Melanie


And Kofi Annan briefs the President and U-N Security Council today on the deal he brokered with Iraq over weapons inspections.
ANCHOR=Kimberly


A Wind Advisory is in effect today, and you'll know why the minute you walk outside.
Wind gusts of over 30 miles an hour have already been reported this morning.
The complete forecast, is on the way.
ANCHOR=Steve
(ad lib live tease)

2-shot
ANCHOR=MelanieOpen




SUPER=X5000; set dissolve
SUPER=314-Cloudy, Wind Adv./Winds NW 25-35/48-52/Partial Clearing/Still

Windy/35-39;
SUPER=315-Sprinkles or Flurries/Then Partial Clearing/35-40/Mostly Clear &

Breezy/Winds NW 10-20/28-32;
SUPER=#555; RESET






SUPER=#4050; HEADLINE BANNER
SUPER=17-Tuesday/February 24, 1998
SUPER=15-Melanie/Moon;
SUPER=15-Kimberly/McBroom;
SUPER=15-Steve/Pardon;



ORLANDO-WX


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=MEL
TAPE#net
GRAPHIC=Tornado


At least six people are still missing in central Florida, a day after tornados ripped through the region.
So far 38 are confirmed dead.
Maureen Maher joins us with an update. take from ***NEWSPATH****
SUPER=01-Maureen Maher/Reporting;
SUPER=05-Osceola Co., FL;
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=
SUPER=
RUNS=:00

OUT Q=IRAq



ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=MEL
TAPE#net
GRAPHIC=Iraq Conflict


The U-N chief's deal with Iraq on weapons inspections has the Clinton administration's cautious approval this morning.
(----------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Washington, DC;


But President Clinton says U-S troops and warships will remain in the Persian Gulf until it's clear Saddam Hussein is true to his word.
SUPER=03-Persian Gulf;


In fact, even as the agreement unfolds, the troop build- up continues.
SUPER=03-Paris, France;


Back from Baghdad, Secretary General Kofi Annan will brief Mr. Clinton and the U-N security council today on details of the accord.
(----------------)


Goodlatte-Campaign


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=mornin'
WRITER=djo
TAPE#net o
GRAPHIC=NONE


A Tennessee Senator thinks the U-S came out on the short end of the U-N agreement and that it could have been avoided.
(----------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Roanoke;


Fred Thompson says he wants details about the agreement prior to making any decisions.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT-07:43:39
IN Q=I'M FOR

((SEN. FRED THOMPSON/R-TN; I'M FOR DOING WHATEVER'S NECESSARY. I WANT TO BE BEHIND THE PRESIDENT WHEN A TIME LIKE THIS COMES, BUT WE'VE BRRN NEGLEGENT. WE SHOULD NEVER HAVE GOTTEN OURSELVES IN THIS SITUATION WHERE WE HAVE NOTHING BUT BAD CHOICES.))
SUPER=01-Sen. Fred Thompson/(R) Tennessee;
RUNS=:14
OUT Q=BAD CHOICES.
(----------------)
VO-NAT


The Governmental Affairs Committee Chair also says there's not much chance of any campaign financial reform legislation passing this year.
Thompson says the system in place now allows mega-contributions by corporations and others.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT-07:41:37
IN Q=THAT'S NOT

((THAT'S NOT THE SYSTEM THAT WE'RE SUPPOSED TO HAVE, BUT BECAUSE OF THE WAY THAT THINGS HAVE BEEN INTERPRETATED AND MESSED OVER BY FEC AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S INTERPRETATION AND SOME OF THE COURT'S DECISIONS. WE'VE GOT A HODGE PODGE NOW THAT REALLY IS NO SYSTEM AT ALL.))
RUNS=:17
OUT Q=AT ALL.
(----------------)
VO-NAT


Thompson last night assisted Bob Goodlatte in kicking off the Roanoke congressman's re-election campaign.
(----------------)


E-Virginia-Tech


ANCHOR=Kimberly
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=THa
TAPE#98-4
GRAPHIC=Virginia Tech


Good news for In-state Virginia Tech students...
(----------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Blacksburg/File Tape;


The school's board of visitors yesterday approved the tuition and fee policy for next year.
Tuition for in-state undergraduate students will remain at 35-hundred dollars.
But out of state undergraduate students will have to pay roughly 300-dollars more.
ALL full-time students, however, will notice an increase in the mandatory comprehensive fee.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=Our fees

((LARRY HINCKER/VIRGINIA TECH SPOKESMAN:OUR FEES ARE THE LOWEST IN THE STATE, THIS YEAR, WE ARE RAISING FEES, BY A LITTLE OVER 100- DOLLARS PER YEAR, BUT STILL, WHEN YOU FACTOR THAT IN WITH OUT TUITION, WE'RE RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PACK, WE'RE ABOUT EIGHT IN THE STATE, IN THE COMBINED PACKAGE OF MANDATORY FEES AND TUITION. ))
SUPER=01-Larry Hincker/Virginia Tech Spokesman; :00
RUNS=:14
OUT Q=and tuition.
ANCHOR=Kimberly
SS=HOLD


The increase will be used to help pay for the new 21-point six million dollar Student Health and Fitness Center.
The board also approved the creation of M-S and P-H-D degrees in computer engineering.

One-Steve


ANCHOR=Steve
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=spa
TAPE#M98-3
GRAPHIC=NONE


On Record
SUPER=15-Steve/Pardon;


Roll Cold out of Break
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=welcome back
SUPER=15-Steve/Pardon; :00
SUPER=13-Cary Rutledge/"Rutledge & Nelms Jingles"; :21
SUPER=13-Walker Nelms/"Rutledge & Nelms Jingles"; :27
SUPER=12-Salem; :42
SUPER=04-"Friday Football Extra"; 1:24
RUNS=3:07
OUT Q=News 7 Mornin' Returns



(tape tosses to stocks)

STOCKS COMMstocks
SUPER=x5101;
SUPER=430-y/3.74/8410.20/x/23.63/1751.76;
SUPER=431-ib/48*/hg/62g/h@/89@/h!/26a/ia/55!;
SUPER=432-h!/56#/i#/17#/h#/40&/h1f/52#/h@/49';
SUPER=433-if/77'/i#/42/h2b/67$/i@/35*/u/12g;
SUPER=434-if/41#/he/27f/h#/28d/he/79f/h&/46@;



SUPER=#555;RESET


E-Cloned-Cow


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=THa
TAPE#97-95
GRAPHIC=Cloning


Virginia Tech's vet school has made it into the genetic history books.
Last week-- students and faculty delivered a cloned calf on behalf of a Scottish based bio-technology company.
(----------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Blacksburg;


The 98-pound holstein is named Mr. Jefferson in honor of the nation's third president. It was delivered by caesarean last Monday.
(/////SOT/////)

3:39:15
SOT
IN Q=He was

((DR. DEE WHITTIER/VET SCHOOL ASSOCIATE PROF.: HE WAS BORN APPROXIMATELY 10- THIRTY AND HE WAS VERY VIGOROUS RIGHT AWAY, HE WAS ACTUALLY STANDING UP WITHIN ABOUT A HALF HOUR OF BEING DELIVERED. ))
SUPER=01-Dr. Dee Whittier/Vet School Associate Prof.; :00
RUNS=:08
OUT Q=being delivered.
(----------------)
VO-NAT


The calf was cloned by P-P-L Therapeutics, Incorporated-- the same company responsible for "Dolly" the cloned sheep.
(/////SOT/////)

3:43:30
SOT
IN Q=He was

((WILL EYESTONE/PPL THERAPEUTICS, INC.: HE WAS MADE USING THE SAME, VERY SIMILAR TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS USED TO MAKE DOLLY THE SHEEP AND POLLY THE SHEEP WITH CERTAIN ADAPTATIONS THAT WE HAD TO INTRODUCE TO ACCOUNT FOR THE FACT THAT MR. JEFFERSON IS A BOVINE AND THE OTHER TWO WERE OVINE. ))
RUNS=:20
OUT Q=were ovine.
(----------------)
VO-NAT


P-P-L is a Scottish based company.
It hopes cloning will help lead to new and improved medicines.
(----------------)
ANCHOR=Melanie
SS=NONE


This is not the first cloned calf-- another one was born about six months ago in Wisconsin.

Bottoms


ANCHOR=Kimberly
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=lba
TAPE#NONE
GRAPHIC=Bottoms, Sharon 2093


75-thousand dollars is the price one mother was paid for her story and none of the money was set aside for her son.
Lesbian Sharon Bottoms admitted to the amount she was paid for the t-v rights in court yesterday, where she was seeking more lenient visitation rules for her six- year- old son Tyler.
Her mother, Kay Bottoms, was awarded custody in 19-93.
The story of the mother's effort to keep her son was made into an A-B-C movie, "For the Love of Tyler."

Preview-Bluegrass2


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Mornin
WRITER=jda
TAPE#=98-3
GRAPHIC=NONE


Roanokers may not know it, but their city is home to a record company with a unique place in the music industry.
(------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Roanoke;


Rebel Records is the nation's oldest bluegrass label, and two of its releases are competing for a grammy award this year.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT 05:41:12
IN Q=Just about everybody

((DAVE FREEMAN/REBEL RECORDS: JUST ABOUT EVERYBODY IN BLUEGRASS MUSIC, ARTISTS WISE AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER HAS BEEN ON ONE OF OUR LABELS OR WORKED WITH THE GROUPS THAT WE'VE RECORDED, SO THAT'S ONE OF THE BIGGEST PLEASURES OF THE THING IS GETTING TO KNOW THE PEOPLE.))
SUPER=01-Dave Freeman/Rebel Records
RUNS=:14
OUT Q=getting to know the people.
(XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX)

TAKE BLUEGRASS GRAPHIC FULL-ESSc
Joe Dashiell continues his series tonight, with a profile of Rebel Records, and one of the bands that has anchored the label for almost 20 years.

(-------------)2-Scores



ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=lba
TAPE#NONE
GRAPHIC=NBA


In sports,
Michael Jordan scored 17 points before sitting out the fourth quarter of Chicago's eighth straight win
And Seattle needed to score ten straight fourth-quarter points to pull out a single point victory over the Los Angeles Clippers.
For yesterday's scores, let's check the scoreboards.
(----------------)

WIPE TO MOTION
SUPER=#556
SUPER=X5028;
SUPER=0096-/Sacramento/85/j/Detroit/111//Hill 28

Points//Cleveland/75/j/Chicago/97//Jordan 17 Points/;
SUPER=x5009;
SUPER=0096-j/Charlotte/118//Denver/98//Rice 31 Points/j/Seattle/101//L.A.

Clippers/100///;
SUPER=x5027;
SUPER=0098-j/William & Mary/72//VCU/67////George Mason/58/j/JMU/68///;
SUPER=x5009;
SUPER=0098-/Old Dominion/77/j/Richmond/85///j/Longwood/80//Lees McRae/64///;
SUPER=x5009;
SUPER=0098-j/Kansas/83//Oklahoma/70///j/Utah/79//UNLV/68///;
RUNS=:35

oc...LAST SCORE
(-------------)


Two-Steve


ANCHOR=Steve
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=spa
TAPE#NONE
GRAPHIC=NONE


On Record
SUPER=15-Steve/Pardon;



Double Boxes=KMC & SPA
(toss to Kimberly)


fl-storms


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=MEL
TAPE#net
GRAPHIC=Tornado


It is being called Florida's deadliest swarm of tornadoes in 50 years.
Early yesterday morning a series of twisters cut a path through six counties killing 38 people, including an 18- month- old toddler sucked from his father's arms.
At least six people are still missing.
Maureen Maher joins us with an update. take from ***NEWSPATH****
SUPER=01-Maureen Maher/Reporting;
SUPER=05-Osceola Co., FL;
(/////SOT/////)
SOT

5:00-BACKUP PKG
IN Q=
SUPER=
RUNS=:00

OUT Q=US-IRAq



ANCHOR=Kimberly
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=MEL
TAPE#net
GRAPHIC=Iraq Conflict


President Clinton has given tentative approval to the U-N chief's agreement with Iraq ending the stand-off over U-N weapons inspections.
(----------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Washington, DC;


But Mr. Clinton says U-S troops and warships will remain in the Persian Gulf until he's satisfied Iraq backs up its words with action.
SUPER=03-Persian Gulf;


In fact, even as the agreement unfolds, the troop build- up goes on.
SUPER=03-Paris, France;


Kofi Annan is due to brief members of the U-N security council on details of the accord today in New York City.
(----------------)


E-Thompson


ANCHOR=Kimberly
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=djo
TAPE#=98-7
GRAPHIC=NONE


Details are what one Tennessee Senator says he's looking for before making any decisions.
(------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Roanoke


Fred Thompson says he doubts the U-S can ensure the Iraqi leader's latest promise is worth any more than his promises of the past.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT=07:46:16
IN Q=IS THIS JUST

(( IS THIS JUST A WAY TO BUY A FEW MONTHS, BRING US TO THE TABLE, MAKE A FEW PROMISES, THEN BREAK IT AGAIN? ARE WE GOING TO HAVE TO PERMANENTLY HAVE ALL THOSE TROOPS AND BOATS AND PLANES DOWN THERE?))
SUPER=01-Sen. Fred Thompson/(R) Tennessee
RUNS=:17
OUT Q=DOWN THERE?
(------------)
VO-NAT


Thompson was in Roanoke last night helping Congressman Bob Goodlatte kick off his re-election campaign.

(------------)VT-Dorm



ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=lba
TAPE#NONE
GRAPHIC=Virginia Tech


No new name is in the works for a Virginia Tech dorm named for a now-deceased professor who might have had Ku Klux Klan ties.
That word came from Virginia Tech President Paul Torgersen.
Claudius Lee was an engineering professor who died in 19-62.
In the 18-96 Tech yearbook when he was a student, Lee called himself the "Father of Terror" on a page devoted to the Klan.
Torgersen said two historians, including a Klan expert, concluded the page probably didn't represent real Klan activity and may have been a prank.

3-Sports


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Mornin
WRITER=lba
TAPE#=sports cut in
GRAPHIC=None


In sports,
A single point made the difference in the ODAC championship match up.
Mike Stevens has highlights.
Good Morning Mike.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=Howdy once
RUNS=2:20
OUT Q=day everybody.



ANCHOR=Melanie
(Melanie ad lib toss to Kimberly/Wx)

Lottery
Pick 3/Pick 4/Cash 5
SUPER=65-3/0/7/0/7/2/6/7/26/28/29/32;



SUPER=#555; RESET


Three-Steve


ANCHOR=Steve
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=spa
TAPE#M98-3
GRAPHIC=NONE


On Record
SUPER=15-Steve/Pardon;

ROLL COLD OUT OF BIRTHDAYS
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=This Mornin'
SUPER=12-Salem; :00
SUPER=13-Walker Nelms/"Rutledge & Nelms Jingles"; :28
SUPER=13-Cary Rutledge/"Rutledge & Nelms Jingles"; :45
SUPER=13-Kera O'Bryon/Singer; 2:07
RUNS=2:53
OUT Q=...yeah(quick out)


Steve Live

double Boxes=SPA & MEL
(toss to Melanie)


Health-Check


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=lba
TAPE#=NET
GRAPHIC=Mornin Health Check


In medical news,
The mass destruction of poultry to stop the spread of the bird flu may not have worked.
Mika Brzezinski has that story and more in this morning's Health check.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=
SUPER=01-Mika Brzezinski/Reporting; :00
SUPER=@file;
RUNS=:53
OUT Q=CBS News, New York.

(( THERE ARE NEW CONCERNS THAT THE SO-CALLED HONG KONG BIRD FLU VIRUS COULD SPREAD TO HUMANS. DOCTORS FOUND ANTIBODIES TO THE FLU VIRUS IN HEALTH WORKERS ... THAT'S RENEWING FEARS THE VIRUS COULD BE SPREADING. THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES MEANS A PERSON HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO THE VIRUS, AND DEVELOPED RESISTANCE, WITH OR WITHOUT DEVELOPING SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE. THE HONG KONG VIRUS KILLED SIX PEOPLE, AND INFECTED A DOZEN OTHERS.
WIPE VO SCIENCE HAS BROUGHT US MAKEUP, PERFECTLY MATCHED TO ONE'S SKIN COLOR. USING A DEVICE CALLED A SPECTRO-PHOTO-METER, DERMATOLOGISTS CAN PRECISELY MEASURE THE COLOR AND INTENSITY OF SKIN COLOR. BESIDES COSMETIC BENEFITS, THERE ARE MEDICAL ONES TOO ... IT CAN COVER UP EXTENSIVE MEDICAL PROBLEMS LIKE A PERSON'S ACNE OR OTHER BLEMISHES. WATCH FOR IT AT A COSMETIC COUNTER NEAR YOU.
AND THOSE ARE TODAY'S MEDICAL HEADLINES FROM CBS NEWS. I'M MIKA BRZEZINSKI, CBS NEWS, NEW YORK.))
ANCHOR=Melanie
SS=None
(ad lib toss to bump)

BUMP-Chyron
COMM #6


Cloned-Cow


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=THa
TAPE#net (edit of 97-95)
GRAPHIC=Cloning


A 98- pound genetic experiment came into the world last Monday with the help of Virginia Tech and a Scottish based company
One of the first cloned calves was born at the university's vet school.
Teresa Hamilton has more on this more than one of a kind animal that could mean improved medicines.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=Nat sound
SUPER=03-Blacksburg; :03
SUPER=01-Dr. Tom Bailey/Assistant Vet School Prof.; :17
SUPER=01-Will Eyestone/PPL Therapeutics, Inc.; :40
RUNS=1:16
OUT Q=TH, N7.

nat sound (( The 98- pound healthy Holstein was born by Caesarean at the Virginia Tech Vet school, last Monday.
He was quickly named-- Mr. Jefferson-- not only in honor of his his birth here in Virginia-- but the fact-- he was also born on President's day.
(/////SOT/////)

4:04:10
SOT
IN Q=I think

((DR. TOM BAILEY/ASSISTANT VET SCHOOL PROFESSOR: I THINK IT'S APPROPRIATE, MR. JEFFERSON, WAS A STRONG PROPONENT OF AGRICULTURE AND SO WE'RE HOPING TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO AGRICULTURE HERE. )) RUNS:11
OUT Q=agriculture here.


Dr. Tom Bailey helped deliver the calf-- which was cloned by P-P-L Therapeutics-- the same company that helped clone "Dolly" the sheep.
The techniques used to clone the two are very similar--
In this case-- the calf was produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
(/////SOT/////)

3:44:17
SOT
IN Q=Simply put

((WILL EYESTONE/PPL THERAPEUTICS, INC.: SIMPLY PUT-- ALL THAT MEANS IS THAT WE TOOK AN EGG FROM A COW, WE REMOVED THE CHROMOSOMES OR THE NUCLEUS FROM THAT EGG AND REPLACED THOSE CHROMOSOMES WITH THOSE OF ANOTHER CELL, IN THIS CASE, THE CELL WAS DERIVED FROM A BOVINE FETUS. )) RUNS:18
OUT Q=bovine fetus.


P-P-L- hopes the technology will help produce new and improved medicines.
(/////SOT/////)

03:46:55
SOT
IN Q=One of

((ONE OF THE MEDICINES THAT WE HAVE IN MIND FOR PRODUCING TRANSGENIC CATTLE IS HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN, WHICH IS USED IN MAKING PLASMA EXPANDERS, BLOOD EXPANDERS THAT ARE USED IN TRAUMA VICTIMS. )) RUNS:15
OUT Q=trauma victims.

TH N7))

2-E-Virginia-Tech


ANCHOR=Kimberly
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=THa
TAPE#98-4
GRAPHIC=Virginia Tech


Virginia residents won't have to apply for extra funding to attend Virginia Tech.
(----------------)
VO-NAT
SUPER=03-Blacksburg/File Tape;


The school's board of visitors yesterday approved the tuition and fee policy for next year.
Tuition for in-state undergraduate students will remain at 35-hundred dollars.
But out of state undergraduate students will have to pay roughly 300-dollars more.
ALL full-time students, however, will notice an increase in the mandatory comprehensive fee.
(/////SOT/////)
SOT
IN Q=Our fees

((LARRY HINCKER/VIRGINIA TECH SPOKESMAN:OUR FEES ARE THE LOWEST IN THE STATE, THIS YEAR, WE ARE RAISING FEES, BY A LITTLE OVER 100- DOLLARS PER YEAR, BUT STILL, WHEN YOU FACTOR THAT IN WITH OUT TUITION, WE'RE RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PACK, WE'RE ABOUT EIGHT IN THE STATE, IN THE COMBINED PACKAGE OF MANDATORY FEES AND TUITION. ))
SUPER=01-Larry Hincker/Virginia Tech Spokesman; :00
RUNS=:14
OUT Q=and tuition.
ANCHOR=Kimberly
SS=HOLD


The increase will be used to help pay for the new 21-point six million dollar Student Health and Fitness Center.
The board also approved the creation of M-S and P-H-D degrees in computer engineering.

Peanut-Bill


ANCHOR=Kimberly
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=lba
TAPE#NONE
GRAPHIC=Session 98


Animal hospitals in Virginia may soon be required to tell customers whether they provide overnight care.
The so-called "Peanut bill," in honor of a dog who died eight years ago, won approval by the Senate Agriculture Committee.
Peanut died after his owner left him in a Fairfax County animal hospital, believing the dog would have around-the-clock care.
For years, legislators have rejected bills that would prohibit a veterinary clinic from using the word "hospital" in its name if it doesn't provide

overnight care. 4-Scores


ANCHOR=Melanie
NEWSCAST=Morn
WRITER=lba
TAPE#NONE
GRAPHIC=NBA


In sports,
Grant Hill's strong performance allowed Detroit to cruise past Sacramento.
For yesterday's scores, let's check the scoreboards.
(----------------)

WIPE TO MOTION
SUPER=#556
SUPER=X5028;
SUPER=0096-/Sacramento/85/j/Detroit/111//Hill 28

Points//Cleveland/75/j/Chicago/97//Jordan 17 Points/;
SUPER=x5009;
SUPER=0096-j/Charlotte/118//Denver/98//Rice 31 Points/j/Seattle/101//L.A.

Clippers/100///;
SUPER=x5027;
SUPER=0098-j/William & Mary/72//VCU/67////George Mason/58/j/JMU/68///;
SUPER=x5009;
SUPER=0098-/Old Dominion/77/j/Richmond/85///j/Longwood/80//Lees McRae/64///;
RUNS=:28

oc...LAST SCORE
(-------------)

Close SUPER=X4029; Mornin' Fax/Copyright Banner SUPER=X4028; Mornin' e-Mail/Copyright Banner
by SS