ROANOKE TIMES
Copyright (c) 1996, Roanoke Times
DATE: Sunday, June 23, 1996 TAG: 9606250100
SECTION: SPORTS PAGE: C-1 EDITION: METRO
SOURCE: MITCHELL LANDSBERG ASSOCIATED PRESS
Aileen Riggin Soule remembers the way it was.
As a sinewy 14-year-old weighing 64 pounds, Soule - then just plain Aileen Riggin - won a gold medal in diving at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. At the time, the very notion of a female athlete was considered something of a contradiction. Women couldn't do that, people said. They were too delicate, too gentle, too - well, too ladylike.
``They thought swimming was too strenuous,'' Soule says now with the cackling scorn of someone who has strained for athletic achievement her entire life. These days, she has her eye on world records in swimming for the 90-plus age group, which she just entered. It wouldn't be smart to bet against her.
Too strenuous? How about Janet Evans churning her way like an outboard motor through the 800-meter freestyle?
Too strenuous? How about Gwen Torrence burning rocket fuel through the 100 meters?
Too strenuous? How about Jackie Joyner-Kersee bounding like a cheetah through the heptathlon?
The world has changed. At this summer's Olympic Games in Atlanta, more women will compete than ever before, in more sports than ever before. Women athletes will be featured more prominently than ever in television coverage and advertisements. They will be the subject of a major historical retrospective in Atlanta. America's women athletes could well win more medals than the men, who still outnumber them. They surely will give the nation a new cast of heroines to treasure for years to come.
These, then, could be the Women's Games.
Just don't tell that to a member of the U.S. women's water polo team, who will have to watch the water polo competition - male only - from the sidelines. Don't tell it to women who wrestle or box. And don't tell it to Robin Goad, America's top woman weightlifter, who has won two gold medals at world weightlifting championships but won't be representing her country in Atlanta.
``I am the only American to set a world record in this sport in over 20 years and yet, because I am female, I will be denied the opportunity to lift in the Olympic Games,'' she said in a speech at the men's Olympic trials in April.
``I don't want to sound like some angry young female,'' she added. ``But it is just time for things to be happening on this side.''
They are, although doubtless not fast enough for a 26-year-old athlete in a hurry. The truth is that the Olympic Games have made tremendous progress in moving toward equality for women, but they aren't there yet - and may never be.
A little historical perspective:
The modern Olympics began in 1896, with 245 male participants and zero women. Things didn't change much until the 1920s, when the universal suffrage movement began to spill over into sports.
The United States sent no women to the 1908 and 1912 Games, then sent a well-chaperoned delegation of 18 young women - alongside 331 men - to the 1920 Games in Antwerp. Plenty of Americans thought it was a bad idea. Then the women began to compete.
``Every time our girls went in, they broke a world's record,'' Soule recalled.
Ethelda Bleibtrey of the United States won gold medals in all three swimming events, and Soule took the gold in springboard diving. The U.S. women lost only one aquatic event - platform diving, a European specialty.
They came home to a tickertape parade.
The American women had performed spectacularly - those who could compete. But outside aquatics, women had few opportunities. Women were barred from track and field, gymnastics, all team sports. They could play tennis, swim or dive. And that was about it.
That began to change with the 1928 Olympics, in which women were admitted to track and field. From then on, women's participation grew slowly but steadily. By 1952, when the Soviet bloc and its cadre of pumped-up socialist women entered the Olympic movement, 10 percent of the athletes in the Olympics were women.
By 1972, women's participation had crept up to 14 percent. That year, the terrible year of terrorism at the Munich Games, a couple of things happened that opened the floodgates to women.
One was the passage in the United States of Title IX, guaranteeing educational opportunities for girls and women in this country.
The other was Olga Korbut.
Title IX virtually created intercollegiate athletics for women in the United States, providing a stream of trained athletes capable of competing in international competition. Furthermore, it was merely one part of an international women's movement that saw female athletes gaining ground throughout the Western world.
Korbut, the tiny Soviet gymnast whose bouncy athleticism and infectious smile became the sensation of the Munich Games, made television producers realize that there was an audience - a big audience - for women's sports.
After Korbut, the coverage grew more intense with each Olympics, until they became ``a showpiece for women - almost the equal of men as far as viewers are concerned,'' according to John Lucas, a sports historian at Penn State University who specializes in the history of the Olympic Games.
The Olympics is the sole sporting event that is watched in nearly equal numbers by men and women, giving network producers a powerful incentive to cover women's events. This year, more than ever, television will target women as an Olympic audience.
That means more background stories about athletes' personal lives - and less bare-bones competition. After thousands of interviews with potential viewers, NBC concluded that men watch competition to see who wins and loses, while women want stories about who the athletes are and how they got there.
Targeting women also means the banishment of testosterone-driven sports like boxing to off hours, while gymnastics and aquatics dominate prime time. Bottom line, it means more female athletes on television.
``There's no question that the networks are playing to women audiences,'' said Donna Lopiano, executive director of the Women's Sports Foundation. ``And it also is a matter of them playing to their pocketbooks.''
She's not complaining. For one thing, Lopiano knows that when women athletes are in the spotlight on television, little girls are watching, and getting ideas.
``There is no question,'' Lopiano said, ``that the current crop of women athletes in the U.S. is a product of TV coverage plus Title IX.''
And what a crop it is. With the addition of softball, women's soccer, mountain biking and beach volleyball this year, the United States' women could easily outperform the men.
At some Olympics in the near future, the United States will send a delegation of athletes that will be 50 percent female. This year's team is the closest ever - 388 men to 287 women, or 57 percent to 43 percent.
Much of the world lags behind. Overall, women will account for 37 percent of the athletes in Atlanta - a big jump from 1992, but a long way from parity. And maybe parity will never come.
``There will always be poor countries, and there will always be ultraconservative countries that do not want their women to be exposed to the eyes of Western men,'' observed Lucas, the Penn State professor, who is the author of several books on the Olympics.
He pointed to the case of Hassiba Boulmerka, the Algerian runner who won the gold medal in the 1,500 meters at Barcelona. She ran in a typical runner's singlet and shorts.
Her victory prompted a Muslim preacher in Algeria to denounce those ``who dare display their nudity before the whole world.'' Death threats followed. Boulmerka became an outcast, afraid to return to her own country.
On the bright side, Lucas noted that Iran has announced plans to field an eight-woman crew in this year's rowing competition - ``a tremendous breakthrough.'' The women, however, will have to wear traditional Islamic dress.
``So of course they'll come in last,'' Lucas said. ``There's no way they can come in within 20 boat lengths of the U.S. or New Zealand crews.''
But it's a start.
LENGTH: Long : 148 lines ILLUSTRATION: PHOTO: AP. 1. & 2. Gwen Torrence (above) and Jackieby CNBJoyner-Kersee are among the top athletes on the U.S. Olympic team.
Torrence is a favorite to win the 100-meter dash, and Joyner-Kersee
is favored to win the heptathlon, an event she won in the 1988 and
1992 Olympics. Both are battling injuries suffered during the
Olympic trials in Atlanta. color. 3. Melisa Moses (right) and Jenny
Keim will represent the U.S. in the 3-meter springboard diving
competition.