JARS 49n3 - American Rhododendron Society Plant Registry
American Rhododendron Society Plant Registry
The following rhododendron and azalea names, submitted through the North American registrar, were approved and added to the International Rhododendron Register prior to May 1, 1995 by the Royal Horticultural Society, International Registration Authority for the genus Rhododendron . Color numbers refer to the RHS Colour Chart unless noted otherwise. Accompanying color names are taken from A Contribution toward Standardization of Color Names in Horticulture , R D Huse and K L Kelly, edited by D H Voss (ARS, 1984). Species names are those used by the RHS, based upon recent Edinburgh revisions of the genus. Equivalent former and present names are listed in An Alphabetical Checklist of Rhododendron Species (RHS, 1981), and in The Rhododendron Handbook (RHS, 1980). Parents of a plant are reported in the conventional order: (seed parent x pollen parent). Abbreviations are used where appropriate: H = hybridized by, G = grown to first flower by, R = raised by, S = selected by, N = named by, I = introduced by, REG = registered by; dates are enclosed in parentheses immediately following the activity. Synonyms are names used for a particular clone prior to registration, but unacceptable because of conflict with recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants - 1980 , or because the name was previously registered for a different clone.
'Aesthetica': Elepidote. ( smirnowii x bureavii ). H (1950s) and G: Ben Lancaster, Camas, WA; I (1994): A Sandy Rhododendron (Chris Hoffman) and Dover Nursery (Mike Stewart), both Sandy, OR; N and REG (1995): Chris Hoffman. Fls 10-15/ball truss, broadly funnel-campanulate, 3" across x 2.75" long, with 5 very wavy-edged lobes; pink in bud, opening light purplish pink and fading to white. Truss 4" wide x 3.5". Lvs held 4 years, oblong/elliptic, convex, wavy edges, acute apex, cuneate base, 6" x 2.5", very dark green and glossy above with deep brown woolly indumentum below; thick white woolly indumentum covering bright emerald green new growth, including 0.13" thick coating on stems. Shrub 5' high x 5' wide 10 years from cutting, dense habit, sparsely to moderately floriferous, sun tolerant. Plant and bud hardy to at least -15°F. Early midseason. (Synonym: [ smirnowii x bureavii ], Ben Lancaster form)
'Berg's Queen Bee': Elepidote. ( yakushimanum x tsariense ). H (1969), G (c l974), N, I (c l984), and REG (1995): Warren E Berg, Port Ludlow, WA. Fls 10/ball truss, open funnel-campanulate, 2" across x 1.75" long, with 5 very wavy-edged lobes; strong purplish red (54A) in bud, opening light to pale purplish pink (55C-D). Calyx lacking. Truss 5" wide x 4" high. Lvs held 3 years, elliptic, convex, acute apex, oblique base, 3.5" x 1.25", glossy, dark green, and hairless above, with moderate orange yellow (165C) felted hairs below, maturing to brownish orange (164A). Petiole hairy. Shrub 3' high x 3.5' wide 10 years from cutting, dense habit, very floriferous. Plant hardy to at least -5°F; buds, 0°F. Mid April. (Awarded ARS AE, NW [1991] and Gold Metal, Germany [1993], both under synonym 'Queen Bee')
'Eastern Sappho': Elepidote. ('Sappho' x 'Janet Blair'). H (1973), G (1978), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 20/ball truss, open funnel-shaped, 1.75" across x 3" long, with 5 wavy-edged lobes; very light purple (76B) tipped light purple (76A) in bud, opening inside yellowish white (155D) with light purple (76A) lobe tips, and large area on upper lobe heavily spotted deep purplish red (71A) with spots merging into solid blotch in throat; outside light purple (76A). Calyx minute. Truss 5.5" wide x 4.4" high. Lvs held 2 years, elliptic, more or less flat, broadly acute to obtuse apex, cuneate base, 3.5"-4.5" x 1.5"-1.75", semi-glossy, moderate olive green (137A) above, hairless; petioles 0.5"-0.75" long, hairy. Shrub 5' high x 8' wide l9 years from seed, dense habit. Plant and bud hardy to at least -25°F. Mid May.
'Hollandaise': Lepidote. ['Lemon Mist' x ( burmanicum x chrysodoron )]. H (1987), G (1993), N, and REG (1995): William Moyles, Oakland, CA; to be I: Paul Molinari, Enjoy Rhododendrons, Occidental, CA. Fls 4/lax truss, broadly funnel-campanulate, 2.4" across x 2" long, with 5 very wavy-edged lobes; light greenish yellow (4B-C) throughout. Calyx minute, light yellow green (145B). Truss 4" wide x 2.4" high. Lvs held c2 years, obovate/elliptic, convex, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 2" x 1", glossy, dark yellowish green (139A) above, grayish yellow green (191B) below with grayish reddish orange (174B) scales. Pedicel and leaf margins hairy. Shrub 1' high x 2' wide 8 years from seed, somewhat dense habit, very floriferous. Plant and bud hardy to at least 15°F. February.
'Jack-o-lantern': Elepidote. ('Donna Hardgrove' x vernicosum aff. Rock 18139). H (1977), G (1982), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 7-8/lax truss, broadly funnel-campanulate, 2.5" across x 1.9" long, with 7 wavy-edged lobes; vivid reddish orange (34A) in bud, opening inside pale yellow (11C), outside light orange yellow (22C). Calyx c 0.1" long, strong yellow green (145A) edged strong yellowish pink (31C). Truss 5" wide x 2" high. Lvs held 2 years, elliptic, flat, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 2.9"-3.4" x 1.1"-1.3", semi-glossy, moderate olive green (137B) above, hairless. Shrub 4.5' high x 4' wide 15 years from seed, dense habit. Plant hardy to at least -25°F; buds, -20°F. Early May.
'Kittatinny': Elepidote. ('Golden Star' x vernicosum aff. Rock 18139). H (1979), G (1984), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 8-9/slightly lax ball truss, open funnel-shaped, 3.5" across x 2.5" long, with 7 wavy-edged lobes; moderate yellowish pink (39C) in bud, opening inside pale yellow (11D) with (11C) throat and moderate yellowish pink (37C) high lights on lobes; outside moderate yellowish pink (37C). Calyx minute. Truss 6" wide x 4" high. Lvs held 2 years, elliptic, flat, broadly acute apex, oblique base, 3"-3.5" x 1.6"-1.9", dull, moderate olive green (146A) above, hairless. Shrub 5' high x 6.5' wide 13 years from seed, dense habit. Plant hardy to at least -25°F; buds, -15°F. Mid May.
'Late Ensign': Elepidote. ('Blue Ensign' x 'Purple Splendour'). H (1977), G (1982), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 20-25/ball truss, open funnel-shaped, 2.5"-3" across x 1.5"-1.75" long, with 5 wavy-edged lobes; inside strong purple (84A) shading to very pale purple (76D) in throat and at midribs, with prominent vivid reddish purple (77A) spotting on upper lobe; outside strong purple (84A) fading to light purple (77C) with strong purple (77B) midribs. Calyx minute. Truss 6" wide x 4.5" high. Lvs held 2 years, obovate, flat, acute apex, cuneate base, 4.5"-5.5" x 2"-2.5", semi-glossy, dark yellowish green (139A) above, bullate, hairless. Shrub 5.5' high x 7' wide 15 years from seed, open habit. Plant hardy to at least -15°F; buds, -10°F. Late May.
'Lemon Tea': Lepidote. ('Mary Fleming' x keiskei ). H (1969), G, N, and REG (1995): Ben and Marion Shapiro, East Brunswick, NJ. Fls 3-6/truss, open funnel-shaped, 1.2" across x 1" long, with 5 smooth-edged lobes; light greenish yellow (5D) with brilliant greenish yellow (5B) throat and occasional small, random pink markings; outside (5D) streaked with (5B). Calyx absent. Truss 2.4" wide x 1.6" high. Lvs held c l year, lanceolate to ovate, convex, acute apex, cuneate base, 2" x 0.7", dull, moderate olive green (137A) above, with numerous tiny reddish brown scales below. Shrub 2.6' high x 3' wide 8 years from cutting, slightly open habit. Plant hardy to at least -15°F; buds, -5°F. April.
'Lem's Pink Cloud': Elepidote. ( calophytum x 'Sarita Loder'). H (pre 1969), G, and I: Halfdan Lem, Seattle, WA; N: Northwest Rhododendron Hybridizers Group, Seattle, WA; REG (1995): Elsie M Watson, Kirkland, WA. Fls of heavy substance, 12/flat truss, open funnel-shaped, 3" across x 3" long, with 5 smooth-edged lobes; inside very light purple (75C) with small solid area of deep to strong purplish red (71A-D) in dorsal throat; outside light purple (75A) at base shading to very light purple (75C) margins; prominent strong yellow green (145A) ovary. Calyx c 0.1" long, strong purplish red (71D). Truss 9" wide x 5". Lvs narrowly elliptic, flat to slightly concave, acute apex, cuneate base, 9" x 2.75", dull dark green (135A) above, hairless; petiole hairy. Shrub 7' high x 6' wide 30 years from cutting, very floriferous. Plant and bud hardy to at least 9°F. Mid April.
'McKenzie Calypso': Elepidote. ( fortunei x 'Susan'). H (1967): Maxine Childers, Eugene, OR; G (1974), and N: Ralph E Burns; REG (1995): Ralph and Frances Burns, Vida, OR. Fls 15-21/dome truss, open funnel-shaped, 4" across x 3" long, of heavy substance, with 7 wavy-edged lobes; strong purplish red (72A) in bud, opening very light purple (75C) with deep purplish pink (72D) margins and vivid reddish purple (74A) speckles on upper lobes, moderately scented. Calyx lacking. Truss 8" wide x 6" high. Lvs held 3 years, narrowly oblong, flat, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 7.5" x 2.5", dull, moderate olive green (137B) above, hairless. Shrub 6' high x 4' wide 27 years from seed. Plant and bud hardy to at least -5°F. Mid April.
' Mary Francis ': Elepidote. ['Ditto' x ('Fawn' x 'Indian Penny')]. H (1982), G (1988), N, and REG (1995): Ralph E Burns, Vida, OR. Fls 7/lax ball truss, open funnel-shaped, 5" across x 3" long, of heavy substance, with 7 re-curved wavy-edged lobes; strong pink (48D) in bud, opening pale yellow (19C) blending to moderate pink (49B) with vivid red (52A) speckled flares in dorsal throat; corolla fades to cream flushed pink. Calyx 2" long, colored as corolla. Truss 6.5" wide x 5.5" high. Lvs held 3 years, elliptic, flat, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 5" x 1.9", dull, with a trace of indumentum on young growth, hairless when mature. Shrub 3' high x 3.3' wide 10 years from seed. Plant and bud hardy to at least -5°F. Early May. [ Correct seed parent from [(yakushimanum x Fabia Group) x 'C.I.S.'] to 'Ditto' - mod. 10/09/14, ref. ]
'Off-Shoot': Elepidote. ('Holden' x 'Mary Garrison'*). H (1977), G (1982), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 17-19/ball truss, funnel-shaped, 2" across x 1.5" long, with 6 wavy-edged lobes; strong red (51A) in bud, opening pale orange yellow (19D) with strong pink (52D) high lights inside all lobes, and moderate red (185B) spotting on upper lobe; outside midribs deep pink (52B), more pronounced on upper lobe. Calyx c 0.1" long, strong yellowish green (141C). Truss 4.5" wide x 5.5" high. Lvs held 3 years, elliptic, convex, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 4"-5" x 1.75"-2", glossy, moderate olive green (137B) above, hairless; petioles 0.6"-0.9" long, hairy. Shrub 5' high x 7' wide 17 years from seed, dense habit. Plant hardy to at least -25°F; buds, -15°F. Early May.
'Queen Bee': Name of dichroanthum hybrid registered by W Corbin. Used improperly as synonym for 'Berg's Queen Bee'.
'Rhein's Luna': Lepidote. (white-flrd minus Carolinianum Group x Russautinii Group). H (1978), G (1982), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 4-6/ball truss, funnel-shaped, 1.75" across x 1" long, with 5 smooth-edged lobes; light purple (85A) margins, shading to very light purple (85C) throat. Calyx c 0.1" long, brilliant yellow green (142B). Truss 2.5" wide x 2" high. Lvs held 1 year, elliptic, convex, acute apex, cuneate base, 2.75"-3.1" x 1.1"-1.4", semi-glossy, moderate olive green (137A) above, with moderate red (180A) scales below. Shrub 6.5' high x 5' wide 14 years from seed, open habit; fls do not produce pollen. Plant hardy to at least -25°F; buds, -15°F. Early May.
'Rhein's Picotee': Elepidote. ('Sappho' x 'Janet Blair'). H (1973), G (1978), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 15-20/dome truss, open funnel-shaped, 2.25" across x 1.9" long, with 5 very wavy-edged lobes; light purple (81C) margins, yellowish white (155D) star-shaped center, large area of strong orange yellow (163B) spotting on dorsal lobe. Calyx minute. Truss 5.25"-7" wide x 5"-6" high. Lvs held 2 years, elliptic, concave, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 4"-5" x 1.5"-2", dull, moderate olive green (137B) above, hairless; petioles 0.5"-0.75" long, hairy. Shrub 6' high x 8' wide 19 years from seed, open habit. Plant hardy to at least -25°F; buds, -10°F. Mid May.
'Sir Nigel': Lepidote. ( cinnabarinum ssp. xanthocodon Concatenans Group x 'Lady Chamberlain'). H (1970), G (c 1975), N, I (c 1980), and REG (1995): Alleyne R Cook, Vancouver, BC. Fls 6-9/lax truss, tubular-campanulate, 2" across x 2.5" long, with 5 smooth-edged lobes; inside vivid yellow (15A), outside vivid yellow (15B) shading to light orange yellow (16C) margins. Lvs narrowly elliptic, flat, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 3" x 1", bluish green and hairless above with brown scales below and on petiole. Shrub 6' high x 6' wide c l2 years from cutting, dense habit, moderately floriferous. Plant and bud hardy to at least 8°F. Mid April-mid May.
'Spirited': Elepidote. ('Tony's Gift'* x 'Mrs. Tom H. Lowinsky'). H (1981), G, I, and REG (1994): Weldon E Delp; N: Ginny Delp, Harrisville, PA. Fls 15/truss, open funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, slightly wavy-edged, 3.1" across x 2.1" long; very light and very pale purple (75C-D) and white in bud, opening white with moderate red (181C), light yellow green (154D) and dark greenish yellow (152C) dorsal spots; calyx absent. Truss 6.3" wide. Lvs broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 4" x 2", hairless. Shrub 5.1' high x 5' wide 11 years from seed, hardy to at least -20°F. Early June.
'Suzi Que': Elepidote. ('Purple Lace' x yakushimanum , Whitney's dwarf selection). H (1980): Susan Kay Metcalfe; G (1986), N, I (1993), and REG (1995): Jerry Lou Jones; described by Ernest M Metcalfe; all Beaverton, OR. Fls 13-15/dome truss, open funnel-shaped, 2" across x 1.75" long, with 5 wavy-edged lobes; deep red (53A) in bud, opening inside strong purplish red (67A) and fading to white with strong purplish red (64C) margins and strong purplish red (63A) spotting on dorsal lobe; outside deep purplish pink (73A) at first, with strong purplish red (67A) lobe midribs, fading to white with deep purplish pink (68A) midribs. Calyx c 0.1" long, light green. Truss 4.5" wide x 3.5" high. Lvs held 3 years, obovate, concave, acute apex, cuneate base, 4"-4.5" x 1.5"-1.75", glossy, moderate olive green (147A) above, with persistent light tan felted hairs below. Shrub 3' high x 5' wide 14 years from seed. Plant and bud hardy to at least 10°F. Mid April. (Judged Best New American Hybrid, ARS Tualatin Valley Chapter show, April 1993; synonym: 'Suzi Q')
'Taos': Lepidote. ( carneum x 'Harry Tagg'). H (1985), G (1991), N, and REG (1995): William Moyles, Oakland, CA; to be I (1996-7): Paul Molinari, Enjoy Rhododendrons, Occidental, CA. Fls 4-5/ball truss, tubular funnel-shaped, 4" across x 3" long, with 5 very wavy-edged lobes; strong pink (49A) in bud, opening pale purplish pink (65C-D); outside flushed light purplish pink (65B); slight spicy scent. Calyx minute, light yellow green (145B). Truss 6" wide x 3.5" high. Lvs held 2-3 years, elliptic, slightly convex, acute apex, cuneate base, 3.1" x 1.2", dull, moderate olive green (137A) above, slightly bullate, with deeply impressed midrib; grayish yellow green (194B) below with moderate reddish brown (174A) scales. Petiole scaly. Shrub < 3.3' high x 4.25' wide 10 years from seed, very floriferous. Plant and bud hardy to at least 15°F. February-March.
'Tipsy': Elepidote. (red-flrd maximum x aureum x maximum ). H (1987), G, I, and REG (1994): Weldon E Delp; N: Ginny Delp, Harrisville, PA. Fls 10/truss, open funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, slightly wavy-edged, 2" across x 1.4" long; moderate and strong purplish red (64A, 63A) in bud, opening very pale purple (69D) edged heavily with strong purplish red, strong purplish pink, & deep red (63B-C, 60A), with a small, brilliant yellow green (150A) flare and light olive (152B) dorsal spots. Calyx absent. Truss 4" wide. Lvs broadly acute apex, rounded base, 5.5" x 2.1", hairless. Shrub 2.5' high x 2.5' wide 5 years from seed. Mid June.
'Tropic Alpine Ruby': Vireya. ( wrightianum var. cyclopense x commonae ). H (1986), G (1990), N, and REG (1995): J W Gerdemann, Yachats, OR. Fls of heavy substance, up to 7/pendant truss, tubular with 5 flat saucer-shaped smooth-edged lobes, 1" across x 1.5" long, strong red (46A). Calyx minute, red. Lvs held 2-3 years, elliptic, concave, obtuse apex, cuneate base, 1.3" x 0.75", glossy, moderate olive green (137A) and hairless above, moderate yellow green (146D) and scaly below; petioles 0.2" long. Shrub 1.3' high x 0.8' wide 4 years from base after being frozen nearly to ground level at 20°F. Plant and bud hardy to at least 24°. March, August, September.
'Tropic Alpine Brilliant': Vireya. [( lochiae x pseudonitens ) x commonae ]. H (1986), G (1989), N, and REG (1995): J W Gerdemann, Yachats, OR. Fls of heavy substance, 6/flat lax truss, tubular with 5 smooth-edged funnel-shaped lobes, 1.25" across x 1.5" long, vivid red (45B). Calyx minute. Truss 4" wide x 1.5". Lvs held 2 years, obovate, convex, obtuse apex, cuneate base, 2" x 1", glossy, moderate olive green (147A) and hairless above, moderate yellow green (147C) and scaly below; petioles c 0.1" long. Shrub 1.25' high x 1' wide 8 years from seed. Plant and bud hardy to at least 24°F; survived 20°F with moderate injury, and made a good recovery. Jun-Aug, Oct-Nov, Feb-Mar.
'White Magic': Elepidote. [( lacteum x 'Robert Weldon'*), selfed]. H (1982), G, I, and REG (1994): Weldon E Delp; N: Ginny Delp, Harrisville, PA. Fls 12/truss, open funnel-shaped, 5 wavy-edged lobes, 3" across x 1.9" long; pale yellow green (4D) in bud, opening yellowish white (155D) with brilliant yellow green (154C) and deep yellowish pink (47C) in throat. Calyx absent. Truss 5.1" wide. Lvs broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 4" x 1.75"; with light brown, plastered, hairy indumentum below. Shrub 3' high x 3' wide 10 years from seed. Early June.
'Whoopie Ding!': Elepidote. ('Carolyn Dana Lewis' x 'Lanny Pride'). H (1982), G, and REG (1995): Weldon E Delp; N: Ginny Delp, Harrisville, PA. Fls 14/truss, broadly funnel-shaped, 3.25" across x 2.6" long, 6-7 very wavy-edged lobes; deep and strong red (53A, 46A) in bud, opening deep and strong red (53A, 46A) with white throat and dark red (187A) dorsal spots. Calyx absent. Truss 5.5" wide. Lvs obtuse apex, rounded base, 3.75" x 1.9". Early June.
'Will's Willi': Elepidote. (Catfortcampy Group* x 'Golden Star'). H (1979), G (1984), and N: William L Rhein, DDS, Mechanicsburg, PA; REG (1995): Rhein Registration Committee, Susquehanna Valley Chapter, ARS. Fls 9/lax ball truss, open funnel-shaped, 2.5" across x 1.75" long, of heavy substance, with 7 wavy-edged lobes; inside strong purplish red (54A) margins shading to pale purplish pink (56C) with light greenish yellow (1C) throat sparsely speckled vivid yellow green (154A); outside margins strong purplish red (54A) shading to moderate purplish pink (62B) base. Calyx minute. Truss 6" wide x 4.75" high. Lvs held 2 years, elliptic, flat/slightly concave, broadly acute apex, cuneate base, 3.25"-3.75" x 1.5"-1.75", dull, moderate olive green (137A) above, hairless. Shrub 5' high x 6.5' wide 13 years from seed, dense habit. Plant hardy to at least -25°F; buds, -15°F. Early-mid May. (Synonym: 'Wills-Willi')
'Wills-Willi': Synonym of 'Will's Willi'.
'Winter Sun': Lepidote. ['My Lady' x ( burmanicum x chrysodoron )]. H (1981): William Moyles, Oakland, CA [ARS Seed Exchange Lot 82-1341]; G (1987), N, and REG (1995): J W Gerdemann, Yachats, OR. Fls up to 9/flat lax truss, open funnel-shaped, 3" across x 2.5" long; pale yellow (8D) with pale greenish yellow (9D) throat and pale purplish pink (55D) on tips of lobes, outside with pale purplish pink (55D) stripes. Calyx minute. Truss 6" wide x 3"-4". Lvs held 2 years, elliptic, concave, wavy margins, acute apex, cuneate base, to 4.5" x 1.5", glossy, moderate olive green (137A) and hairless above, moderate yellow green (148B) and scaly below; petioles 0.5" long. Shrub 2.3' high x 2' wide 4 years from base after being frozen nearly to ground level at 10°F and 15°F. Plant hardy to at least 20°F; buds, 28°F. Late Dec-early Feb.
'Yankee Clipper': Elepidote. (F6 selection from 'Newport'). H (1951), G, I, and REG (1994): Weldon E Delp; N: Ginny Delp, Harrisville, PA. Fls 14/truss, broadly funnel-campanulate, 5-lobed, wavy-edged, 2.5" across x 2.2" long; deep and strong purplish red (71A-D) in bud, opening strong purplish red (71B-D) lightly edged very pale purple (75D), with (75D) flare and throat, and dark red (187A) spots on three upper lobes. Calyx absent. Truss 6" wide. Lvs obtuse apex, cuneate base, 4.5" x 2", hairless. Shrub 8' high x 7' wide 40 years from seed, hardy to at least -20°F. Early June.
* The following unregistered names appear as parents in the above listing:
'Mary Garrison':
Gable hybrid, (
fortunei
x
vernicosum
aff. Rock 18139)
'Tony's Gift':
Shammarello hybrid, ('Catalgla' x 'Belle Heller')
'Robert Weldon':
Delp hybrid, ('Weldy' x 'Serendipity')
Catfortcampy Group: Gable cross, [(
catawbiense
x
fortunei
) x
campylocarpum
]