JTE v5n2 - Book Review- Technology, Theology, and the Idea of Progress.
Book Review
David H. Hopper. (1991). Technology, Theology, and the Idea of Progress. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press:$14.99, (paperback), 153 pp. (ISBN 0-664-25203-6)
Reviewed by Richard A. Deitrich Technology, Theology, and the Idea of Progress explores the notion that the idea of progress has itself "progressed." Until the Reformation, the idea of progress was primarily spiritual, otherworldly and theological; now, it is predominantly material, this-worldly, and technological in content.
By referencing an expressive assortment of scholarly works, this book has six strongly framed chapters, each of about 20 pages. The chapter headings are as follows: Has Technology Become Our History?, Technology and the Idea of Progress, Disillusion and Power, Technology and Values, Technology and Theology, Summation and Theological Postscript.
In Chapter 1, Hopper asks "Has technology come to embody our chief values - the things we most want out of life? Does it not, in fact, represent our basic commitment?" He is not questioning America only, but all of Western Civilization.
To gain our affirmation the author cogently discusses several technological events such as the Moon landing, the Challenger and the Chernobyl disasters as well as the critique of public education in the A Nation At Risk report of 1972. His conclusion is that the idea of public education for cultural progress championed by people like Jefferson, Mann and Webster (i.e., education for both private virtue and public citizenship) has been supplanted by the idea of public education for technological progress.
Hopper next discusses the cultural idea of progress in Chapter 2. Early on he states his chapter theme:
True to his word, Hopper examines the idea of Progress without allowing technology a casual role. He does this by drawing upon what he calls "the pioneering work" of J.B. Bury in The Idea of Progress , published in 1920. In an engaging tour through Bury's work, we are led to the conclusion that it was the European Enlightenment - through men like Fontenelle, Condorcet, and Comte - which bore the idea of cultural progress.Technology did not give rise to the idea of Progress any more than it established the American republic. It certainly helped to broaden support for the idea of providing an abundance of material goods in the nineteenth century, but the formulation of the idea itself was another matter. (p. 33)
However, we are awakened from nodding approbation to Bury's thesis by confrontation with the thesis of Robert Nisbet in his History of the Idea of Progress , published in 1980. This sword-crossing sparks delightful and important analysis as Bury's claim of an Enlightenment birth for the idea is challenged by Nisbet's thesis that the idea of progress is even older than classical antiquity.
To resolve this confrontation Hopper refers to an article by George G. Iggers titled "The Idea of Progress in Historiography and Social Thought Since the Enlightenment." Iggers reaffirms the Enlightenment nativity of the idea of Progress, but criticizes Bury's study as lacking sufficient account of the social and historical factors.
The replacement of the Enlightenment idea of cultural Progress by the contemporary idea of technological Progress is the focus of Chapter 3, Disillusion and Power. Most of the chapter is spent discussing this replacement through examining the thought of Carl L. Becker concerning Progress and the Enlightenment.
At this point Hopper inserts the theme that disillusionment from World War I and the emergence of science-based technology combined to shift the meaning and spirit of the idea of Progress.
The remaining several pages of this chapter are spent elaborating this theme in a stimulating discussion of works by B.F. Skinner, Marshall McLuhan, Seymour Papert, Sherry Turkle, Langdon Winner, Jacques Ellul, and Lewis Mumford, among others. The author closes Chapter 3 with these questions which serve as heuristics for the last three chapters: "What then has become of Progress when the only form in which we have it is technology?" and, "Whither does the pursuit of power lead when it is no longer centered in a stated social goal?"
Hopper prepares us for addressing the above questions by dealing with values in Chapter 4. We begin by examining Jacob Bronowski's argument that the practice of science (which for him includes technology) establishes the "prime values" of civilization. Next, Lyman White, Jr., contra Bronowski, argues that religious values nurtured the growth and spread of science and technology in the Middle Ages; but White is not clear whether religion sustained them into our present century.
From here, Hopper's examination of technology and values continues with Daniel J. Boorstin's notion of technology-fostered republican values, then to John Kasson's caution concerning the American difficulty with "civilizing the machine." The final note on technology and democratic values is sounded by Lewis Mumford who warns that the end of modern technology is "to transfer the attributes of life to the machine and the mechanical collective."
Finally, this initially unfocused but tightly argued chapter closes with a powerful application of Martin Buber's far-reaching fundamental thesis concerning I-Thou and I-It relationships. Hopper uses Buber's insights to establish a reference point within democratic values with which to critique technology.
Chapter 5 addresses one of the questions which ended the third chapter: "What then has become of Progress when the only form in which we have it is technology?" In his first sentence, Hopper confronts us with White's well-known thesis of Judeo-Christian blame for Western society's "exploitative and abusive attitude toward nature." We then encounter Thomas S. Derr and Lewis Mumford who attempt to counter White's thesis.
After this opening volley, the central player, Paul Tillich, is introduced. The idea of technological Progress is analyzed by Tillich's penetrating notion that "meaninglessness" is the prime malaise of modernity. He sees technological "progress" as in many ways threatening to human freedom, dignity, and meaning.
The author next compares Tillich's insights, with Moltmann's thought. For Moltmann, an important counterpoint to technological "progress" comes from future potentials which constantly transform present and past social realities into "new beginnings."
Hopper concludes this chapter by offering his own reading of the situation by asserting:
Chapter 6 develops the theme of life-in-community in the author's Summation and Theological Postscript. Hopper begins by voicing strong convictions about his two thematic questions of Chapter 3 (What has become of Progress? and Where does the pursuit of power lead?).The challenge to theology of technology's coming-of-age is for theology to affirm its own proper counterproject of life-in-community...it must speak from an isness and not - as Tillich would have it - from an idealistic "valuating sense of essence" or - with Moltmann - from the perspective of some "final hope" (p. 113).
In answer to the question concerning Progress, Hopper's ironic conclusion is this: when the idea of cultural Progress has been sufficiently replaced by the idea of technological Progress, then a point is reached where there is social regress in the face of naked technological power.
In answer to the question regarding the pursuit of power, Hopper pens a powerful theological postscript. Where does the pursuit of power lead when it is no longer centered in a stated social goal? With prophetic rhetoric he warns:
This constructive and thoughtful eleven page postscript is the book's tour de force. In it, Hopper exploits a weakness in the idea of technological "progress" and breaches the wall with Calvin and Barth as field commanders."Progress" once had a goal in human community; but technology has now claimed "progress" for itself and is leading the community ever closer to global death... Meanwhile, the corporate-technological complex moves on to introduce ever new innovations in pursuit of economic advantages and power (p. 126).
The above postscript as well as the copious inclusion of well-integrated materials from within the philosophy of technology genre make this book important reading for technology education.
Richard A. Dietrich is an Assistant Professor of Science, Technology, and Society at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
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Journal of Technology Education Volume 5, Number 2 Spring 1994